In 2023, Turkey issued a total of 239,835 work permits to foreign nationals, with Syrians forming the largest group.

According to the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, 108,250 Syrians received work permits last year. This is a staggering increase compared to 2011, when only 118 were granted work permits. After the Syrians, 17,785 Russians and 13,128 Turkmen received work permits.

Syrian shift from 118 to 108,250

• 2011: Only 118 Syrians received a work permit, making them the 32nd most sought-after foreign worker in Turkey.
• 2016: A crucial year with a 230% increase in residence permits for Syrians, catapulting them to the top of the list with 13,290 permits.
• 2023: With over 100,000 work permits issued, Syrians consolidated their position as the largest foreign workforce in Turkey.

Where do foreigners work?

Foreign workers in Turkey are mainly employed in the following sectors:

• Accommodation services
• Housework
• wholesale
• Construction and manufacturing industries (including clothing, textiles and metal products)

In 2011, foreign workers were more frequently employed in the following sectors:

• Training
• Accommodation
• Air transport
• Creative Arts and Entertainment

Significant decline in the educational level of workers

The educational background of foreign workers has also changed:

• 2011: 46% of foreign workers were university graduates.
• 2023: This percentage has fallen to 18% due to changes in the composition of the foreign workforce.

How to get a work permit in Turkey?

Foreigners must obtain a work permit from the Ministry of Labor and Social Security in order to be employed in Turkey. Applications can be made:

• Domestically: Directly to the ministry.
• International: Through Turkish embassies or consulates in their home countries.

There are four types of work permits:

1. Temporary work permit: Initially granted for one year, with the possibility of extension.
2. Permanent work permit: Available to those with long-term residency or at least eight years of legal work experience in Turkey.
3. Self-employed work permit: Awarded to skilled workers who meet certain requirements.
4. Turquoise card: Provides permanent work and residence rights and is awarded to highly skilled workers who make a significant contribution to Turkey’s economy, science or technology.